Performance and Emission Analysis of Piston Bowl Type and Depth Variations on Diesel Engine Shark R180
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The performance and emission study on the different types of piston bowls and the depth variation of the piston bowl is discussed in this paper. Simulations were conducted using the open-source software, Diesel-RK. Three models of piston bowls and five variations of piston depth were used to estimate performance and emissions. The type of fuel and engine operating conditions were set to be constant. The performance responses consist of power, Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC), and brake mean effective pressure (BMEP). On the other hand, the emissions of NOx and Particulate matter (PM) were analyzed. Results show that both power response and BMEP improve with an increase in piston depth across all types of piston bowls. On the contrary, the SFC trend line shows a decline as piston depth increases. For the emissions, NOx experiences a rising trend as the depth of the piston bowl increases at all types of piston bowls. Conversely, the particulate matter (PM) trend is decreasing as the depth of the piston bowl increases.
##Keywords:##
Diesel engine, Piston bow, Piston depth, Performance, Emission.
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Published
Jul 30, 2026
How to Cite
MAHDHUDHU, Fathin Muhammad et al.
Performance and Emission Analysis of Piston Bowl Type and Depth Variations on Diesel Engine Shark R180.
Journal of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace -science and engineering-, [S.l.], v. 70, n. 2, p. 154-161, july 2026.
ISSN 2527-6085.
Available at: <https://www.isomase.org/Journals/index.php/jomase/article/view/633>. Date accessed: 01 sep. 2026.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.36842/jomase.v70i2.633.
References
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[19] Mattonrokang, A. (2018). Pengaruh rasio kompresi terhadap kinerja mesin diesel berbahan bakar biodiesel Calophyllum inophyllum. Bachelor theses, Universitas Brawijaya.
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[22] Chou, C.C., Huang, P.C. & Dai, H.B. (2022). An analysis of the performance characteristics of different cylinder temperatures for Ni-W and Ni-W-BN(h) plated piston rings in an air-cooled engine. Energies, 15(3), 1026. doi:10.3390/en15031026.
[23] Akasah, A., Prahmana, R.A., Meurah, T., Riayatsyah, I., Afisna, L.P. & Syaukani, M. (2024). Uji performa motor diesel satu silinder generator set menggunakan campuran bahan bakar crude palm oil-dexlite dengan penambahan bioaditif alami. SINERGI Polmed: Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Mesin, 5(1).
[24] Wultschner, J., Schmitz, I., Révidat, S., Ullrich, J. & Seeger, T. (2024). Emission spectroscopy-based sensor system to correlate the in-cylinder combustion temperature of a diesel engine to NOx emissions. Sensors, 24(8), 2459. doi:10.3390/s24082459.
[2] Pham, V.C., Kim, J.K., Lee, W.J., Choe, S.J., Le, V.V. & Choi, J.H. (2022). Effects of piston bowl geometry on combustion and emissions of a four-stroke heavy-duty diesel marine engine. Applied Sciences, 12(24), 13012. doi:10.3390/app122413012.
[3] Tan, P.Q., Wang, J.J., Duan, L.S., Lou, D. & Hu, Z.Y. (2023). Emission characteristics of particulate and gaseous pollutants from a light-duty diesel engine with SDPF. ACS Omega, 8(39), 36292–36301. doi:10.1021/acsomega.3c04884.
[4] Yusop, A.F., Mamat, R., Yusaf, T., Najafi, G., Yasin, M.H.M. & Khathri, A.M. (2018). Analysis of particulate matter (PM) emissions in diesel engines using palm oil biodiesel blended with diesel fuel. Energies, 11(5), 1039. doi:10.3390/en11051039.
[5] Cisek, J., Le?niak, S., Borowski, A., Przybylski, W. & Mokretskyy, V. (2022). Visualisation and thermovision of fuel combustion affecting heat release to reduce NOx and PM diesel engine emissions. Energies, 15(13), 4882. doi:10.3390/en15134882.
[6] Ledoux, F., Roche, C., Cazier, F., Beaugard, C. & Courcot, D. (2018). Influence of ship emissions on NOx, SO2, O3 and PM concentrations in a North-Sea harbor in France. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 71, 56–66. doi:10.1016/j.jes.2018.03.030.
[7] Balachandran, W., Finst, P., Manivannan, N., Beleca, R. & Abbod, M. (2015). Reduction of NOx and PM in marine diesel engine exhaust gas using microwave plasma. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 646, No. 1, p. 012053). IOP Publishing. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/646/1/012053.
[8] Janjua, A.A., Khalid, W., Shah, S.R. & Tauzia, X. (2024). Exploring the efficacy of port water injection on air–fuel ratios and NOx emissions in diesel engines: An experimental study. In 4th International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering (ICAME-24) (p. 38). MDPI. doi:10.3390/engproc2024075038.
[9] Deresso, H., Nallamothu, R.B., Ancha, V.R. & Yoseph, B. (2022). Numerical study of different shape design of piston bowl for diesel engine combustion in a light duty single-cylinder engine. Heliyon, 8(6), e09602. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09602.
[10] Abdelrazek, M.K., Abdelaal, M.M. & El-Nahas, A.M. (2022). Piston bowl shape and biodiesel fuel effects on combustion and emission of diesel engines. Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 69(1), 158. doi:10.1186/s44147-022-00158-5.
[11] Maulana, S., Syahid, D.N., Widjnarko, D. & Setiyawan, A. (2023). Pengaruh pemanasan awal (pre-heater) bahan bakar terhadap performa mesin diesel dengan pemanas kontrol otomatis di laboratorium pengujian performa mesin Jurusan Teknik Mesin FT UNNES. Journal of Mechanical Engineering Learning, 12(1).
[12] Winoko, Y.A., et al. (2023). Analisis pengaruh perubahan sudut penginjeksian bahan bakar terhadap kinerja mesin diesel untuk genset. BRILIANT: Jurnal Riset dan Konseptual, 8(2), 384-391. doi:10.28926/briliant.v8i2.
[13] Pham, V.V. (2019). Research on the application of diesel-RK in the calculation and evaluation of technical and economic criteria of marine diesel engines using the unified ULSD and biodiesel blended fuel. Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Developments, 42(2), 87–97. doi:10.26480/jmerd.02.2019.87.97.
[14] Iswantoro, A., Ariana, I.M., Luqmananto, B.G. & Maulana, M.F. (2022). Performance and emission analysis of four-stroke diesel engine single cylinder on toroidal piston modification with B30 fuel. Jurnal Teknik ITS, 11(3).
[15] Shaik, A.S., Siddique, S.A. & Reddy, K.V.K. (2015). Experimental validation and combustion chamber geometry optimization of diesel engine by using DIESEL-RK. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325146402.
[16] Amate, A.P. & P, K.H. (2015). Disquisition on diesel engine emissions and piston bowl parameters. International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and Technology, 2(7), 47-51. doi:10.17148/IARJSET.2015.2710.
[17] Ramalingam, S. (2015). Combustion characteristics of DICI engine on various injection parameters using neat lemongrass oil-diesel blends. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288230533.
[18] Shojae, K. & Mahdavian, M. (2018). Influences of spray angle and bowl center depth on power and exhaust emissions in a dual fuel direct injection engine. International Journal of Engine Research, 19(6), 643–652. doi:10.1177/1468087417727425.
[19] Mattonrokang, A. (2018). Pengaruh rasio kompresi terhadap kinerja mesin diesel berbahan bakar biodiesel Calophyllum inophyllum. Bachelor theses, Universitas Brawijaya.
[20] Bhikuning, A., Irhashi, Z.R. & Aldebaran, D. (2022). The simulation of combustion characteristics from diesel fuel and biodiesel in different engine rotation. Aceh International Journal of Science and Technology, 11(3), 182–189. doi:10.13170/aijst.11.3.22711.
[21] Kristanto, P. & Tirtoatmodjo, R. (2000). Pengaruh suhu dan tekanan udara masuk terhadap kinerja motor diesel tipe 4 JA 1. Jurnal Teknik Mesin, 2(2), 7–14.
[22] Chou, C.C., Huang, P.C. & Dai, H.B. (2022). An analysis of the performance characteristics of different cylinder temperatures for Ni-W and Ni-W-BN(h) plated piston rings in an air-cooled engine. Energies, 15(3), 1026. doi:10.3390/en15031026.
[23] Akasah, A., Prahmana, R.A., Meurah, T., Riayatsyah, I., Afisna, L.P. & Syaukani, M. (2024). Uji performa motor diesel satu silinder generator set menggunakan campuran bahan bakar crude palm oil-dexlite dengan penambahan bioaditif alami. SINERGI Polmed: Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Mesin, 5(1).
[24] Wultschner, J., Schmitz, I., Révidat, S., Ullrich, J. & Seeger, T. (2024). Emission spectroscopy-based sensor system to correlate the in-cylinder combustion temperature of a diesel engine to NOx emissions. Sensors, 24(8), 2459. doi:10.3390/s24082459.
