Adsorption Isotherms and Kinetics of Heavy Metals Using H3PO4-Activated Carbon Derived from Oil Palm Fronds
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Toxic heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems pose serious environmental and ecological risks. This study evaluates the adsorption performance of H3PO4-activated oil palm frond biochar for removing Pb(II) and Cu(II) from a multi element system. Competitive adsorption was simulated using Certified Reference Material (CRM) containing 23 elements. The optimized adsorbent dosages were 0.05 g for kinetic experiments and 0.01 g for isotherm experiments, with metal concentrations of up to 10 mg/L in 25 mL of solution. Metal concentrations were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES 5800 VDV). Kinetic analysis over 180 min showed that the adsorption process followed the pseudo-second order model, while equilibrium data were best described by the Langmuir isotherm, indicating selective adsorption toward competing metal ions. The adsorbent demonstrated high removal efficiencies for Fe, Al, Cu, Pb, and Cr, exceeding 80%. These results indicate that H?PO?-activated oil palm frond biochar has strong potential as an effective adsorbent for treating wastewater containing multiple hazardous heavy metals.
##Keywords:##
Competitive Adsorption, Chemical Activation, ICP-OES, Isotherm, Kinetics.
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Published
Jul 30, 2026
How to Cite
ISRAYANDI, Israyandi; AGUSTIYO, Hendry; ANNISA FITHRY, Dwi.
Adsorption Isotherms and Kinetics of Heavy Metals Using H3PO4-Activated Carbon Derived from Oil Palm Fronds.
Journal of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace -science and engineering-, [S.l.], v. 70, n. 2, p. 185-192, july 2026.
ISSN 2527-6085.
Available at: <https://www.isomase.org/Journals/index.php/jomase/article/view/646>. Date accessed: 01 sep. 2026.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.36842/jomase.v70i2.646.
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[2] Novia Yanti, R. & Hutasuhut, I. L. (2020). Potensi limbah padat perkebunan kelapa sawit di Provinsi Riau. Wahana Forestra: Jurnal Kehutanan, 15(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.31849/forestra.v15i2.4696
[3] Arpinaini, A., Sumpono, S. & Yahya, R. (2017). Studi komponen kimia pelepah sawit varietas tenera dan pengembangannya sebagai modul pembelajaran kimia. pendipa Journal of Science Education, 1(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.33369/pendipa.1.1.1-11.
[4] Järup, L. (2003). Hazards of heavy metal contamination. British Medical Bulletin, 68(1), 167–182. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldg032.
[5] Sun, L., et al. (2021). Reduction-responsive sulfur–monoterpene polysulfides in microfiber for adsorption of aqueous heavy metal. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 43, Article 102247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102247.
[6] Syamboga, A. & Budianto, A. (2021). Review karakterisasi karbon aktif dari berbagai jenis serbuk kayu. Tecnoscienza, 6(1), 1–12.
[7] Amalin, B. R. J., Zainal, N. H., Jawad, A. H. & Yong, S. K. (2025). Production of oil palm frond activated carbon by microwave-assisted phosphoric acid activation for removal of Remazol Brilliant Orange 3R: Response surface methodology optimization. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 15(11), 17463–17478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-024-06351-1.
[8] Rizki, R. G., Bahri, S. & Ginting, Z. (2022). Pembuatan karbon aktif dari kulit dalam biji kopi (endocarp) menggunakan aktivator KOH dan H3PO4. Jurnal Teknologi Kimia Unimal, 11(2), 183–192. https://doi.org/10.29103/jtku.v11i2.7760.
[9] Chalil Oglou, R., Gokce, Y., Yagmur, E. & Aktas, Z. (2023). Production of demineralised high quality hierarchical activated carbon from lignite and determination of adsorption performance using methylene blue and p-nitrophenol: The role of surface functionality, accessible pore size and surface area. Journal of Environmental Management, 345, Article 118812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118812.
[10] Luo, Y., Li, D., Chen, Y., Sun, X., Cao, Q. & Liu, X. (2019). The performance of phosphoric acid in the preparation of activated carbon-containing phosphorus species from rice husk residue. Journal of Materials Science, 54(6), 5008–5021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-018-03220-x.
[11] Suherman, S., Hasanah, M., Ariandi, R. & Ilmi, I. (2021). Pengaruh suhu pemanasan terhadap karakteristik dan mikrostruktur karbon aktif pelepah kelapa sawit. Indonesian Journal of Industrial Research, 16(1), 1-9.
[12] Kosim, M. E., Siskayanti, R., Prambudi, D. & Rusanti, W. D. (2022). Perbandingan kapasitas adsorpsi karbon aktif dari kulit singkong dengan karbon aktif komersil terhadap logam tembaga dalam limbah cair elektroplating. Jurnal Redoks, 7(1), 36–47. https://doi.org/10.31851/redoks.v7i1.6637.
[13] Anggriani, U. M., Hasan, A. & Purnamasari, I. (2021). Kinetika adsorpsi karbon aktif dalam penurunan konsentrasi logam tembaga (Cu) dan timbal (Pb). Jurnal Kinetika, 12(2), 29–37.
[14] Njewa, J. B., Biswick, T. T., Vunain, E., Lagat, C. S. & Lugasi, S. O. (2022). Synthesis and characterization of activated carbon from agrowastes for the removal of acetic acid from an aqueous solution. Adsorption Science & Technology, 2022, Article 7701128. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7701128.
[15] Langmuir, I. (1918). The adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica and platinum. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 40(9), 1361–1403. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja02242a004.
[16] Salman, J. M. (2013). Batch study for insecticide carbofuran adsorption onto palm-oil-fronds-activated carbon. Journal of Chemistry, 2013, Article 630371. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/630371.
[17] Wilschefski, S., & Baxter, M. (2019). Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: Introduction to analytical aspects. Clinical Biochemistry Review, 40(3), 115–133. https://doi.org/10.33176/AACB-19-00024.
[18] Perdani, F. P., Riyanto, C. A. & Martono, Y. (2021). Karakterisasi karbon aktif kulit singkong (Manihot esculenta Crantz) berdasarkan variasi konsentrasi H3PO4 dan lama waktu aktivasi. Indonesian Journal of Chemical Analysis, 4(2), 72–81. https://doi.org/10.20885/ijca.vol4.iss2.art4.
[19] Anggraini, N., Agustina, T. E. & Hadiah, F. (2022). Pengaruh pH dalam pengolahan air limbah laboratorium dengan metode adsorpsi untuk penurunan kadar logam berat Pb, Cu, dan Cd. Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan, 20(2), 345–355. https://doi.org/10.14710/jil.20.2.345-355.
[20] Njoku, V. O., Islam, M. A., Asif, M. & Hameed, B. H. (2015). Adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid by mesoporous activated carbon prepared from H3PO4-activated langsat empty fruit bunch. Journal of Environmental Management, 154, 138–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.02.002.
[21] Badan Standardisasi Nasional. (2018). Air dan air limbah—Bagian 82: Cara uji logam menggunakan spektrometer emisi atom inductively coupled plasma optical emission.
[22] Vunain, E., Njewa, J. B., Biswick, T. T., & Ipadeola, A. K. (2021). Adsorption of chromium ions from tannery effluents onto activated carbon prepared from rice husk and potato peel by H3PO4 activation. Applied Water Science, 11(9), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-021-01477-3.
[23] Wibowo, K. A., Ikhwan, R. N., Sulistyawati, R. E., Siti Diyar Kholisoh, Hadi, F. & Widayati, T. W. (2025). Kinetika dan Isoterm Adsorpsi Ion Logam Berat Zn2+ dalam Limbah Cair Kerajinan Batik Kayu Menggunakan Zeolit Alam. Jurnal Teknologi, 18(1), 47–56. https://doi.org/10.34151/jurtek.v18i1.5208.
